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Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders > Volume 6(1); 2021 > Article
Kim, Lee, Bae, Park, and Kwon: Effect of mobile-based voice therapy on the voice quality of patients with dysphonia

Abstract

Purpose

Mobile-based voice therapy (MBVT) has the advantage of being cheaper and more flexible for patients and clinicians compared to traditional PC-based voice therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of MBVT on the voice quality of patients with dysphonia.

Methods

Forty-five patients with benign vocal fold lesions were randomly allocated to either the experimental (N=25) or control (N=20) group. The experimental group received MBVT, while the control group received traditional voice therapy (TRVT). Both groups participated in 40 minutes of the intervention per session, once per week, for 8 weeks. Voice evaluation measures included cepstral analysis, acoustic voice quality index, acoustic breathiness index, auditory–perceptual ratings, and a self-rated questionnaire. Analyses compared the voice quality and subjective variables before and after each therapy, as well as between each type of therapy (MBVT vs. TRVT).

Results

The results showed that voice quality and patient satisfaction improved in both therapies compared to before therapy, indicating recovery (p<0.01). Therefore, similar to TRVT, MBVT was effective for voice rehabilitation.

Conclusions

MBVT could have a positive effect on voice recovery for patients with dysphonia. Therefore, the mobile-based approach is useful to restore pathological voice and allows for a greater number of patients to easily access voice therapy.

INTRODUCTION

Voice disorder is characterized by multi-dimensional aspects resulting from organic, functional, and neurological deficits of vocal mechanisms and can cause voice quality problems such as roughness, breathiness, and strained and tremulous voice [1]. These problems limit participation in daily activities and affect the quality of life of patients [2]. Behavioral, surgical, and medication interventions are widely used to rehabilitate voice quality [3,4]. Among these is voice therapy (VT), a behavioral intervention that is the best treatment for use by speech language pathologists (SLPs) [5,6].
The ultimate goal of VT is to restore vocal function to reduce misuse, abuse, and trauma in daily life [7]. VT is the primary option for benign vocal fold lesions and functional dysphonia because it targets voice problems and
prevents recurrence in most patients with dysphonia. Moreover, VT prevents serious complications associated with laryngeal microsurgery, including permanent damage such as scarring of the vocal folds. Even if such damage has occurred, VT in many cases can be performed to produce a good voice. In addition, robust acoustic parameters were introduced for voice quality evaluation. Pathological voice tends to decrease the score of cepstral peak prominence (CPP), smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS) and increase the scores of acoustic voice quality index (AVQI) and acoustic breathiness index (ABI) [813].
Visual and auditory feedback is important for VT. During the session, the patient is motivated by visually confirming the voice’s tone, intensity, and speed, and listening to and comparing the voice before and after the treatment. The auditory feedback provides information on the physiological and functional vocal conditions that can affect the voice quality, and the visual feedback can confirm whether the vocalization is correct according to the clinician’s modeling. It has been reported that visual and auditory feedback is effective not only for patients with voice disorders, but also for patients with hearing impairment, neuro-linguistic disorders, fluency disorders, and articulation disorders [1416].
The most widely used visual feedback method in VT is to use the real-time pitch of the Computerized Speech Lab (CSL; KayPentax, model 4500), Dr. Speech, version 4 (DR. Speech4), Wavesurfer, and Speech Analyzer [1721]. These programs can show the modeling of the phonation to patients and provide repeated listening of the voice. This visual and auditory model allows the patient to attempt to produce speech in an appropriate manner. However, this CSL program is expensive and difficult to use in speech-language clinics. Thus, there is a need for an easier and more convenient way to provide similar visual and auditory feedback to patients in VT.
Recently, the development of mobile apps has led to the creation of apps that can assess voice quality, frequency, and intensity in real-time. ‘Voice Test’ for voice quality analysis, ‘Voice Tool’ and ‘Voice analyst’ for visual feedback of pitch and loudness, ‘Metronome’ for rhythm synchronization, ‘PaTaKa DDK test’ for diadochokinesis, ‘VoCo’ for vocal training, ‘Vocal folds Nodules Flying’ for voice game, and ‘RBH Learning’ for auditory–perceptual training. The visual display of the frequency and intensity of the voice by the apps can still be used in VT.
The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of mobile-based voice therapy (MBVT) compared to existing traditional treatment methods. We randomly classified patients with various speech disorders as receiving MBVT or traditional voice therapy (TRVT) and assessed the effectiveness of each type of VT.

METHODS

Subjects

A total of 45 individuals participated in this study. The subjects were recruited from one hospital in Busan, South Korea. We included subjects with benign vocal fold lesions who exhibited dysphonia at varying levels of severity. The medical diagnosis was determined by an otolaryngologist based on the patient’s medical chart, patient interview, and laryngeal videoendoscopy and stroboscopy results. The initial study population consisted of 48 subjects who provided negative samples, three of whom were excluded after the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) analysis because the samples did not meet the SNR criteria of at least 30 dB. SNR below 30 dB does not guarantee reliable voice analysis. The subjects included 19 men and 26 women with a mean age (±standard deviation [SD]) of 46.3±10.5 years (range: 32–67 years) (Table 1).

Measurements

Acoustic assessment

Prior to each VT session, voice samples from the subject were recorded by CSL. The recordings included the patient (1) producing the sustained vowel /a/ phonation at a comfortable and habitual pitch and loudness three times, and (2) reading one Korean sentence from the “Walk” passage with 26 syllables. Acoustic assessments were carried out through three types of tests: cepstral analysis, AVQI version 2 (AVQIv2) and 3 (AVQIv3), and ABI. Cepstral analysis outputs two variables, CPP and CPPS. AVQI and ABI are multivariate models that quantify pathological voices [8,9]. The Institutional Review Board of Pusan National University Hospital approved this study (H-1801012063).

Auditory–perceptual (A-P) ratings

The samples for A-P ratings were randomly selected, and the voice severity was evaluated by three SLPs. A-P ratings were performed using the Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, Strain (GRBAS) scale [22], and the Consensus Auditory–Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) [23]. The GRBAS scale is based on a four-point Likert scale (normal: 0; mild: 1; moderate: 2; and severe: 3), and the CAPE-V was based on the visual analog scale of 100 mm, with anchoring points (normal: 0, severe: 100). For each rating, the grade (G) from the GRBAS and overall severity (OS) from the CAPE-V were measured as an indication of voice severity. G and OS are variables that indicate the overall severity of voice, and are generally known to have the highest reliability among several auditory-perceptual variables.

Self-rated questionnaire

The Voice Handicap Index 10 (VHI-10) is a patient-based self-assessment tool consisting of 10 items [24]. The VHI-10 is based on a five-point Likert scale (from 0=never to 4=always) and assesses three domains: functional, physical, and emotional aspects of voice disorders. The overall aim of the VHI-10 is to quantify the patient’s perception of their own voice handicap. The VHI-10 can evaluate the effectiveness and satisfaction of intervention and follow-up after VT, medication, and surgical intervention. It is a good indicator of patient satisfaction with the intervention [24].

Procedures

Forty-five subjects were included according to the study criteria, and the VT procedures were explained to the subjects. To compare the voice quality, voice assessments were performed before and after VT (after 8 weeks). After the first voice assessment to check their voice quality grade, subjects were randomly assigned to either an experimental group for MBVT, or a control group for TRVT. Both groups participated in training sessions for 40 minutes a day, 1 day per week, over a period of 8 weeks, for a total of 8 sessions.
There were four VT techniques that were implemented in the study and are widely used in VT: vocal function exercise, accent method, inhalation phonation, and semi-occluded vocal tract exercises [2527]. The VT included four different techniques that subjects performed for 10 minutes each, in a circular manner. Each technique was based on three levels of difficulty, and the SLP provided appropriate techniques for the subject’s ability level (Table 2).
Both groups performed the same VT procedure. The difference was what software was used during the VT. The TRVT used the existing real-time pitch program in the CSL and a manual metronome. The MBVT used three Android apps: Voice Analyst (Speechtools Ltd), Pro Metronome (EUMLab), and VoCo (SEAVIEW MEDIA Ltd) on tablet PC (Galaxy Tab S5e 10.5”, Samsung Electronics).

Statistics

All statistical analyses were completed using R version 3.4.1 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and RStudio 1.0.143 (RStudio Inc., Boston, MA, USA). An independent t-test was performed to compare the voice evaluation of both the MBVT and TRVT groups, and a paired t-test was used to compare pre- and post-VT for both groups. The statistical significance level was set at α=0.05.
The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients (rs) were measured among acoustic analysis, A–P ratings, and the self-rated questionnaire. The correlation coefficient [r] was classified as follows: r≥0.9, very high; 0.7≤r<0.9, high; 0.5≤r<0.7, moderate; 0.3≤r<0.5, low; and r<0.3, negligible [28].

RESULTS

Changes after MBVT and TRVT

Table 3 shows the paired t-test results measured before and after the MBVT and TRVT for all variables. For both types of VT, there were statistically significant changes in all variables (p<0.01). It was confirmed that the measured values of CPP and CPPS increased, and the values of AVQI, ABI, Grade, OS, and VHI-10 decreased. Based on these measurements, it was confirmed that the voice quality improved after VT.

Comparison of voice measures between MBVT and TRVT

There were no differences between the two groups (MBVT and TRVT) in the pre-treatment measurements (0.092<p <0.846). After treatment, we found statistically significant differences in two (ABI, p=0.013 and Grade, p=0.021) of the eight variables between the two groups. The ABI and Grade scores of the MBVT group were lower than those of the TRVT group, indicating greater voice recovery in the MBVT group (Table 4).

Correlations among acoustic analysis, A–P ratings, and the self-rated questionnaire

The correlations among acoustic analyses (CPP, CPPS, AVQIv2, AVQIv3, and ABI), A–P assessments (G and OS), and the self-rated questionnaire (VHI-10) are shown in Table 5. The correlations among all variables varied from moderate (r=0.621, p<0.001, AVQIv2, and ABI) to high (r=0.954, p<0.001, CPP and CPPS).

DISCUSSION

This study was conducted to identify the effects of MBVT on voice quality and vocal functions in patients with voice disorders. The results showed that both MBVT and TRVT can improve the quality and stability of voice, but that MBVT led to an overall higher level of voice recovery than TRVT, as reflected in the ABI and Grade scores.
VT requires patients to make extensive behavioral changes between VT sessions and to maintain these changes after discharge or in the home [29]. VT involves vocal motor learning, [30] or the acquisition and generalization of a target voice production technique. In addition to motor learning, VT requires behavioral self-regulation, volitional goal-directed planning, and the execution, self-evaluation, and self-correction of this technique [31].
Digital technology is commonly used in our lives, and can be used in various forms, such as application software, virtual reality, the Internet of Things, and big data depending on the intention of users. Among them, most apps are technology that uses smart devices and can be considered to be the most accessible digital technology in a situation where the penetration rate of smartphones is increasing [32]. Apps are actively being created in other fields due to ease of development and user convenience, but the development of pertinent apps in the field of speech language pathology is rare [33]. In addition, most SLPs have smart devices, but they rarely use smart contents in speech-language therapy sessions [34]. Smart content is effective for treatment, but is difficult to use because of the lack of various developed content [35]. For example, for speech therapy in general, two dimensional (2D) picture cards for nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. are created, and if necessary, three dimensional (3D) video production is also carried out. A major limitation is the speed by which content can be created for all of the words that are used. In the future, it will be necessary to allow users to directly upload pictures or videos to expand the available content.
Although there has been a lack of smart content that can be used in clinical practice, research using information technologies, such as smartphone-based apps has been reported in the field of speech language pathology in Korea. Jeong [36] reported that oral mobility, speech intelligibility, phrase length, and overall speech-language skills were improved in school aged children with cerebral palsy through the use of a smartphone app for speech language therapy. In another study, a smartphone-based VT and management app was developed for patients with vocal fold nodules. The VT app consisted of blowing, and word and sentence training. It was found that users were generally satisfied with the app [37]. It has been reported that speech language therapy using a smart device app has had positive results in improving speech-language ability in various communication disorders, such as language development disorder and neuro-lingual disorder. However, there are few studies on apps and app development for voice disorders [38].
That said, VT research using information technology has been actively conducted in several countries. In one study [39], Fu et al. investigated voice quality and patient satisfaction using VT for vocal nodules through Skype. Through this telepractice, voice quality improved and patient satisfaction of treatment was reported to be high. Telepractice has shown potential as an alternative to face-to-face practice. Verde et al. introduced a mobile app that can estimate fundamental frequency (F0) and perform brief pathological voice screening [38]. Automatically, the app measures the F0 value and distinguishes pathological from healthy voices to inform the user of their voice status. Mehta et al. reported a smartphone-based voice health monitor that records high-bandwidth accelerometer signals from neck skin [40]. Mahnan developed a non-invasive wearable device that applies vibro-tactile stimulation to laryngeal muscles with the aim to improve voice quality of individuals with spasmodic dysphonia [41]. Van Deer developed an iOS app that calculates and displays CPP values for patient self-monitoring of voice quality [42].
In the present study, patients in the MBVT group showed similar positive improvements in voice recovery and vocal function as those in the TRVT group. Both treatment approaches have been found to be helpful in voice recovery in patients with benign vocal fold lesions. The results of this study confirmed that MBVT could produce similar positive effects compared to conventional PC-based VT. A MBVT setting could be relatively inexpensively constructed compared to the PC-based setting, and has the advantage of being less restricted by the location. In addition, the patient can review the training method they had learned in the clinic at home, which helps maintains a good voice. If the patient’s residence is far from the clinic, or in order to continue voice training when travel is restricted, the patient can sustain voice training at home through mobile devices. Based on the advantages of using a mobile-based intervention, this study was conducted to confirm the effectiveness of a MBVT method compared to the existing PC-based VT method. If the study design included not only VT but also acoustic and aerodynamic voice evaluation, the PC-based voice evaluation/therapy method is better. However, when limited to VT, good training results can be derived when using MBVT. If a multi-functional VT app, including voice recording, storage, and management of vocal functions, were developed, it would be more widely utilized.
The limitation of this study is that there is a difference in the skill level of handling the device and using the apps. The PC-based system has been used extensively by clinicians, but the mobile-based system may not be as familiar. In addition, updates may occur frequently due to the nature of the app, and technical support may not be available. In preparation for this situation, it is necessary to check several apps in advance.

Notes

FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

The authors have no funding or financial relationship to disclose

Table 1
Description of AR and TR groups
Variables MBVT (N=25) TRVT (N=20)
Age 49.4±10.3 43.7±11.2

R/O
 Vocal fold nodules 13 12
 Vocal fold polyp 12 8

Gender
 Male 10 9
 Female 15 11

MBVT, mobile-based voice therapy; TRVT, traditional voice therapy; R/O, rule out.

Table 2
Voice therapy procedure
Step MBVT TRVT Techniques Time
Step 1 Using Voice Analyst, Pro Metronome, and VoCo on tablet PC Using Real-time pitch of the Computerized Speech Lab Vocal function exercise 10 minutes
Step 2 Accent method 10 minutes
Step 3 Inhalation phonation 10 minutes
Step 4 Semi-occluded vocal tract exercises 10 minutes
Table 3
Paired t-test of before and after MBVT and TRVT
MBVT TRVT


Pre Post t p Pre Post t p
CPP 18.2±2.0 21.1±2.9 −5.986 <0.01** 17.8±3.0 20.1±2.4 −4.685 <0.01**

CPPS 9.4±1.4 11.5±1.9 −5.823 <0.01** 9.4±2.3 11.1±1.7 −5.505 <0.01**

AVQIv2 6.2±0.8 5.3±1.0 4.467 <0.01** 6.3±1.1 5.4±0.8 4.934 <0.01**

AVQIv3 4.9±1.1 3.5±1.2 5.566 <0.01** 5.3±1.6 3.8±1.1 7.082 <0.01**

ABI 4.7±1.4 3.4±1.3 4.711 <0.01** 5.2±1.1 4.0±1.1 4.445 <0.01**

Grade 1.9±0.5 0.6±0.4 13.966 <0.01** 2.1±0.6 0.8±0.4 13.516 <0.01**

OS 51.1±15.8 22.8±12.6 8.458 <0.01** 56.1±15.0 24.2±11.6 12.310 <0.01**

VHI-10 19.5±4.9 15.7±4.5 5.818 <0.01** 20.8±5.2 16.2±3.6 7.579 <0.01**

** p<0.01.

Table 4
Independent t-test between MBVT and TRVT
Pre Post


MBVT TRVT t p MBVT TRVT t p
CPP 18.2±2.0 17.8±3.0 0.760 0.453 21.1±2.9 20.1±2.4 1.457 0.086

CPPS 9.4±1.4 9.4±2.3 0.193 0.846 11.5±1.9 11.1±1.7 1.344 0.246

AVQIv2 6.2±0.8 6.3±1.1 −0.379 0.707 5.3±1.0 5.4±0.8 −0.591 0.327

AVQIv3 4.9±1.1 5.3±1.6 −1.283 0.206 3.5±1.2 3.8±1.1 −1.357 0.121

ABI 4.7±1.4 5.2±1.1 −1.725 0.092 3.4±1.3 4.0±1.1 −2.591 0.013*

Grade 1.9±0.5 2.0±0.6 −1.269 0.211 0.6±0.4 0.8±0.4 −2.406 0.021*

OS 51.1±15.8 56.1±15.0 −1.607 0.115 22.8±12.6 24.2±11.6 −0.869 0.389

VHI-10 19.5±4.9 20.8±5.2 −1.094 0.280 15.7±4.5 16.2±3.6 −0.849 0.400

* p<0.05.

Table 5
Correlations among acoustic analysis, A–P ratings, and the self-rated questionnaire
CPP CPPS AVQIv2 AVQIv3 ABI Grade OS VHI10
CPP 1 .954** −.822** −.891** −.786** −.789** −.771** −.797**
CPPS 1 −.910** −.934** −.701** −.803** −.784** −.826**
AVQIv2 1 .932** .621** .770** .794** .817**
AVQIv3 1 .796** .860** .858** .853**
ABI 1 .784** .775** .687**
Grade 1 .917** .759**
OS 1 .746**
VHI10 1

** p<0.01.

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